How Russian State Funds Promote Genocide Denial in Bosnia ... Russia's actions in the Baltics include a combination of nonviolent covert action to influence or undermine target governments, violent but deniable covert action PDF Contemporary Influence of the Russian Orthodox Church ... Active Measures: Russia's Covert Geopolitical Operations ... The Russian authorities have been erasing from the social memory the fact that Stalin collaborated with Hitler because they want Russia to pass for a country with no dark pages in its history, the nation that stopped the plague of Nazism in Europe, and the ultimate destroyer of the Nazi Germany. In the United States District Court for The District of ... The 2008 Russia -Georgia War was a playbook of its later operations in Ukraine, in terms of how it probes for weak spots, exploits internal crises, and seeks to redraw borders along its buffer region . The GRU is a large, expansive organization under the command of Russia's Ministry of Defense and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu. ; The coup attempt in October 2016 was influence in action as it sought to foment political chaos and prevent Montenegro from joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). A former Soviet republic, Ukraine has deep cultural, economic, and political . 5-6. . Christopher Chandler, the 58-year-old New Zealand-born founder of a think tank that had a significant influence on the Brexit debate, claims that a private investigator based in Washington, DC, was the original source of "demonstrably false" allegations of money laundering, organised crime, and Russian espionage against him and his . What Russia Wants In The Balkans. . To develop best approaches to these troubling trends, the United States must first understand the challenges posed by China and Russia, including each . Aktivnye meropriyatiya, "active measures," was a term used by the Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1950s onward to describe a gamut of covert and deniable political influence and subversion operations, including (but not limited to) the establishment of front organizations, the backing of friendly political movements, the orchestration of domestic unrest and the spread of disinformation. The Center for Strategic and International Studies issued this 1997 report on Russian organized crime as part of its Global Organized Crime Task Force headed by William H. Webster, former FBI chief. 1 Peter Mattis, "China's 'Three Warfares' In Perspective," War on the Rocks, 30 January 2018.. 2 Edwin S. Cochran, "China's 'Three Warfares': People's Liberation Army Influence Operations," International Bulletin of Political Psychology, Volume 20, Issue 3, 7 September 2020, 3-4.. 3 Jessica Brandt and Bret Schafer, "How China's 'Wolf Warrior' Diplomats Use and . As White House Chief of Staff John Kelly testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee in March 2015 in his capacity as head of the U.S. Southern Command, the arm of the U.S. military responsible for operations in Central and South America: . intelligence operations—such as cyber activity—with overt efforts by Russian Government agencies, state-funded media, third-party intermediaries, and paid social media users or "trolls." Russia, like its Soviet predecessor, has a history of conducting covert influence campaigns focused on US Beijing and Moscow use economic, medical, and even cultural diplomacy to varying degrees in order to garner favor . This is certainly true in many instances; however, identifying the wiring of Russian influence can be difficult as it can not only come from planned operations but also from standard geopolitical practice, spontaneous civic activities, and many other actions and events that contribute to achieving Russian objectives. Part two, Facebook, Compromised: How Russia Manipulated U.S. The report states that Russian links to the UK's elite provide access to companies and political figures, meaning they have a means for influence. In response, Russia views the media and the internet as tools to defend its authoritarian state and ideology both at home and abroad through dissemination of its own views and propaganda efforts. Defendants also procured and used computer infrastructure, based partly in the United States, to hide the Russian origin of their activities and to avoid detection by U.S. regulators and law enforcement. The Issue. Aktivnye meropriyatiya, "active measures," was a term used by the Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1950s onward to describe a gamut of covert and deniable political influence and subversion operations, including (but not limited to) the establishment of front organizations, the backing of friendly political movements, the orchestration of domestic unrest and the spread of disinformation. Prigozhin diversified even further when he founded St. Petersburg's Internet Research Agency, the "troll farm" under U.S. indictment and sanctions for the clandestine social media influence operations it attempted during the U.S. 2016 presidential and 2018 congressional election The report outlines the five . Voters with Social Media delves deeper into the mechanics of Russian disinformation and misinformation strategies; revealing how they manifest online and influence the electorate. For example, on the eve of World War I, 50 percent of all Russian exports, and 90 percent of its agriculture exports, passed through the Bosphorus out of the Black Sea. 115-44/H.R. 2002 October - Chechen rebels seize a Moscow theatre and . A previously unknown variant of coronavirus that appeared in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019 has already infected thousands of people, with cases confirmed in at least 20 countries. Stanford Internet Observatory: Using CrowdTangle to Identify and Analyze Russia-Linked Influence Operations in Africa. A Brief History of Influence Operations To understand the role of disinformation in contemporary society, it is helpful to look at examples of how national governments, non-governmental organizations, and informal groups of individuals in modern history have used influence operations to sway public opinion both domestically and internationally. 3364 Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act [CAATSA], Title II). As White House Chief of Staff John Kelly testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee in March 2015 in his capacity as head of the U.S. Southern Command, the arm of the U.S. military responsible for operations in Central and South America: . Georgia's territorial integrity is unequivocally supported by the international community . As of January , when the Turkstream pipeline across the Black Sea began operations, Turkey stopped receiving Russian gas through the Trans-Balkan Pipeline from Ukraine, which it had done since the mids. Capitalizing on opportunities to gain a foothold in Latin America is a familiar strategy for Russia. Russian and Nato foreign ministers set up Nato-Russia Council with equal role in decision-making on terrorism and other security threats. For many Americans, Russian hacking remains a story about the 2016 election. . In fact, a 1981 U.S. State Department Special Report defined Soviet active measures . to influence local populations—including information operations, cyber operations and the use of proxies, economic influence, clandestine operations, and political influence. The Department's Global Engagement Center (GEC) is leading and coordinating efforts of the U.S. Federal Government to recognize, understand, expose, and counter foreign propaganda and disinformation. It follows with sections on Russia's use of force and military power; influence and cyber operations; and foreign economic policies. On Facebook, it can take forever to scroll to the bottom of a Page's history, but in the Dashboard we could start the feed the time that the first post was created, saving us a lot of time. In this report, Recorded Future provides an overview of Russia-nexus cyberespionage and influence operations activity related to the 2020 U.S. elections, including from advanced persistent threat (APT) groups, information operations (IO) entities, as well . Chapter I - History of Bad Blood . In 2017, Facebook discovered a vast influence operation, in which the Russian Internet Research Agency had subjected 126 million of the platform's users to political disinformation ahead of the . 7 "When they want to try something new, they try it on us and then think about if that kind of model can be . eventually Russian rule and influence. collecting intelligence to inform Defendants' operations. In 1710 the Russian Tsar, Peter I conquered the North-East part of current Latvia - Vidzeme, which together with Riga provided an exit to the Baltic Sea and its important trading lines. Still, the example of Turkey illustrates the limits of natural gas as a lever of influence for Russia. Editor's Note: The following post is an excerpt of a full report.To read the entire analysis, click here to download the report as a PDF. In this episode of Horns of a Dilemma, Will Inboden, executive director of the Clements Center, sits down with Professor Paul Pope and Dr. Kiril Avramov of the Intelligence Studies Project at the University of Texas and Dr. Calder Walton, assistant director of the Applied History Program at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, to discuss the history of influence operations . Throughout history, Russia's Black Sea ports, as the country's only warm water ports, have always served its economic interests. 3364 Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act [CAATSA], Title II). Senator McCain called for a special select committee of the U.S. Senate to investigate Russian meddling in the election, and called election meddling an "act of war". Russian espionage occurred during the 2016 US presidential election.There were numerous reports of Russian interference in the election since the nomination of President Trump occurred. on the evolution of Russia's cyber forces, which highlights the parallels between the existing doctrine and the Russian military scientific literature on one hand, and the organizational culture of Russia's main cyber departments and the nature of Russia's cyber operations on the other. According to the United States Intelligence Community and the Director of National Intelligence, there was evidence of the Russian government interfering to hurt democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton. Members of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee traveled to Ukraine and Poland in 2016 and learned about Russian operations to influence their elections. Carter Malkasian, A History of Modern Wars of Attrition (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), pp. The Russian influence campaign in 2016 was run by a St. Petersburg company called the Internet Research Agency, owned by a businessman, Yevgeny V. Prigozhin, who is a close ally of President . Moreover, the actual concerns of Russian citizens did not match the broader political objectives of the Church, even if 80 percent of the population identified with the Church. Capitalizing on opportunities to gain a foothold in Latin America is a familiar strategy for Russia. In the military context, the only current example of Russian operations outside of Ukraine is Syria, where the most unconventional aspect is Russian support of proxy forces, which the United States and its allies are also engaged in. Russia's attacks on Estonia in 2007, its attacks on Ukraine with BlackEnergy in 2015 and NotPetya in 2017, and its ongoing cyber operations demonstrate the Kremlin's view of Eastern Europe as a primary target for cyber operations. The U.S. has lacked a cohesive strategy to fight influence operations, they say, with not enough coordination among national security agencies. 3 The Baltic Sea Eastern shores were perceived by Russians as a "window to Europe". 1 M. Bork, T-7 Comments on Russian Railroads and Highways, Foreign Military Studies Branch, T-7, Department of the Army, Office of Military History, Germany, 1953. Information operations and warfare, also known as influence operations, includes the collection of tactical information about an adversary as well as the dissemination of propaganda in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent. Russian movie praises Moscow's war efforts in Syria. Their wide-ranging discussion covers everything from Soviet active measures in Chile, to the theory of reflexive control that governed Soviet influence operations, to the response in the United States to Operation JADE HELM, Russian interference in the 2016 election, and the role of social media in advancing political warfare goals. 13694, as amended by E.O. 13757 (and codified by CRIEEA), against those who engage in cyberattacks The country's actions, especially during the 2016 U.S. elections, have brought cyber information operations out of the shadows and into the limelight. Overall, the effects of Russian information and influence operations appear less pronounced in Germany than in many other states, including the United States. Titled "Overview of the major Russian information influence operations in Ukraine for the first half of 2021," it breaks down the information operations, identifies key local actors engaged in them, and analyzes Ukraine's internal vulnerabilities that made such activities possible. Specifically, Russia Analysis of the operation underscores that there are many remaining unknowns about Russia's military capabilities, especially in the aftermath of its military reforms and . To understand this fully, one must first consider Russian information warfare concepts before examining three specific Russian information warfare tools. Beginning in 2011, Russia began experimenting with the use of social media for covert influence campaigns abroad, shifting attention in a new direction. Russia's operations in Crimea benefited from highly favorable circumstances — political, historical, geographical, and military — that limit their generalizability. Nov 8, 2019. 3 The actors can come from . The GRU is a large, expansive organization under the command of Russia's Ministry of Defense and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu. Their wide-ranging discussion . Russian and Chinese influence operations. Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. In In a military publication from 1999, IO is defined as "…actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending one's own information and information systems."The publication addresses IW as "Information warfare (IW) is IO conducted during time of crisis . Yet, Russia enjoyed only limited influence over those peacekeeping operations and Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2003 withdrew Russian peacekeepers from UNMIK, along with Russia's peacekeepers in Bosnia, citing the expense of the operations and its need to reallocate military resources elsewhere. 115-44/H.R. Russian Influence Operations. Members of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee traveled to Ukraine and Poland in 2016 and learned about Russian operations to influence their elections. intelligence operations—such as cyber activity—with overt efforts by Russian Government agencies, state-funded media, third-party intermediaries, and paid social media users or "trolls." Russia, like its Soviet predecessor, has a history of conducting covert influence campaigns focused on US Konstantin Kilimnik (Kilimnik) is a Russian and Ukrainian political consultant and known Russian Intelligence Services agent implementing influence operations on their behalf. Russia's relations with key countries and regions. 333-343. corruption which creates open-field running for Russian influence operations in the country. One of them, inherited from the 19th-century strategic thought, says that Russia, as a landlocked empire, must expand into the Balkans, so as to gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. Russian malign influence in the Western Balkans is proving to have a political impact in Montenegro through the exploitation of the Orthodox faith, Pan-Slavic identity, and economics. Malicious Cyber Activities and Influence Operations Sanctions imposed on Russian persons in response to malicious cyber activities and influence operations in the United States or elsewhere are based on four authorities: E.O. In line with its congressional mandate, the GEC is releasing a special report that provides an overview of Russia's disinformation and propaganda ecosystem. Chinese and Russian influence doesn't come through just information operations. David Shimer's "Rigged" explores the history of U.S. and Russian influence operations, and the risks that remain ahead of the 2020 election. power of his "roof" in the Russian court system. To be clear, Russia's use of political weaponry against the United States extends further back than just 2014. Senator McCain called for a special select committee of the U.S. Senate to investigate Russian meddling in the election, and called election meddling an "act of war". Popular narratives on Russia's geopolitical interests in the Balkans point to two rather divergent directions. Contemporary Influence of the Russian Orthodox Church Within the "Autocephalous" Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia purpose of this paper is to highlight the parasitic al influence that the Russian Orthodox Church has upon its allegedly autocephalous Czech counterpart—t he Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia. Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. The report then analyzes U.S.-Russia relations, including U.S. policy during the current and prior Administrations and recent congressional actions. Such was the general situation in 2008, when Papkova published her book on the Orthodox Church and Russian politics. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, Kilimnik provided the Russian Intelligence Services with sensitive information on polling and campaign strategy. Contemporary Influence of the Russian Orthodox Church Within the "Autocephalous" Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia purpose of this paper is to highlight the parasitic al influence that the Russian Orthodox Church has upon its allegedly autocephalous Czech counterpart—t he Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia. Caught by surprise by Russia's influence operations against the West, governments in the United States and Europe are now establishing processes, agencies, and laws to respond to disinformation . This is the first instalment examining Russian information warfare, the use of social media, and the US election. assert Russia's voice and influence globally, and constrain the United States. Mr. Putin, who has a long history of ruthlessly subverting the international rules-based order, . A Russian Sukhoi Su-35 fighter lands at the Russian military base of Hmeimim, located southeast of the city of Latakia in Hmeimim, Latakia governorate, Syria, on Sept. 26, 2019. This summer, Russian pro-government media, referring to the methodological materials of the Ministry of Finance, reported that the government had for the first time allocated funds from the federal budget for the so-called "programme to counter falsifications and distortions of the history of World War II." The three-year programme (from 2021 to 2023 inclusive) will be supported by . By early 2017, the extent of Russian involvement in American social media was clear, and online disinformation campaigns finally began to attract sustained attention from a wide range of . The conflict in Ukraine is viewed by some as part of a renewed geopolitical rivalry between western powers and Russia. Other articles where history of Russia is discussed: Russia: Prehistory and the rise of the Rus: …is now the territory of Russia since the 2nd millennium bce, but little is known about their ethnic identity, institutions, and activities. Two of the defendants allegedly traveled to the United States in 2014 to collect intelligence for their American political influence operations. Analysts Paul Stronski and Annie Himes wrote in a report for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 2019 that the goal of Russian influence operations is to create "Russian-friendly . Yet, Russia enjoyed only limited influence over those peacekeeping operations and Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2003 withdrew Russian peacekeepers from UNMIK, along with Russia's peacekeepers in Bosnia, citing the expense of the operations and its need to reallocate military resources elsewhere. The Russian movie "Sky" tells the story of a pilot killed after a Turkish jet shot down his bomber over northern Syria. 2 A. Toppe, T-8 Problems of Supply in Far Reaching Operations, Foreign Military Studies Branch, T-8, US Army War College, Carlisle, PA, 1951. NPR's Michel Martin asks cybersecurity expert Clint Watts whether Russians are using social media to influence the midterm elections as they did in the 2016 . To hide the Russian origin of their activities, the defendants allegedly purchased space on computer servers located within the United States in order to set up a virtual private network. But there is another story taking shape. Russia's ability to evolve its use of information operations to leverage social media and the cyber domain continues to shock and challenge the world community. Today, every 15 minutes an oil tanker makes . While Russia has pursued elite capture, cultivation of fringe groups, and disinformation tactics, German political cohesion is comparatively high, while support for non-mainstream groups . Regarding Russia's involvement in conflicts in Georgia, see, for example, Svante Cornell, Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus (Routledge, 2005), pp. . Although Prop or Not was criticized by major U.S. mainstream media for its methodology in labeling 200 sites as vehicles of propaganda . The study, "Propaganda or Not: Examining the Claims of Extensive Russian Information Operations within the United States," is a content analysis of articles published in four websites labeled by Prop or Not as working on behalf of the Russian government. The document includes links to full data visualizations, hosted online, that permit the reader to explore facets of the IRA-created manipulation ecosystem. Influence Operations and Active Measures: The History of Soviet and Russian Political Warfare in the West. Russia is building its military influence in Africa, challenging U.S. and French dominance Published Mon, Sep 13 2021 1:27 AM EDT Updated Mon, Sep 13 2021 2:15 AM EDT Elliot Smith @ElliotSmithCNBC In ancient times, Greek and Iranian settlements appeared in the southernmost portions of what is now Ukraine. It includes an overview of Russian influence operations, a collection of summary statistics, and a set of key takeaways that are then discussed in detail later in the document. Marrying a hundred years of expertise in influence operations to the new world . Russia's operations in Crimea benefited from highly favorable circumstances — political, historical, geographical, and military — that limit their generalizability. How Russia's "influence operations" targeted the midterms (and how they still do) Indictment of financier for "Project Lakhta" tied to Internet Research Agency campaign. Sean Gallagher - Oct 22, 2018 11:35 pm UTC Analysis of the operation underscores that there are many remaining unknowns about Russia's military capabilities, especially in the aftermath of its military reforms and . "To a certain extent, this cannot be . Walton, assistant director of the Applied History Program at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, to discuss the history of influence operations and active measures by the Soviet Union and Russia. RAND research has enabled military leaders and policymakers to develop strategies and policy frameworks to address the challenges of these military operations. The more antiquated IO doctrine distinguished between information warfare and information operations. 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